How can I tell whether a redirect is cached by my browser, CDN, or server?

Use the browser Network log and an external header check together: the first shows whether the browser made a redirect request, while the second shows whether the redirect still exists outside that browser. In Chrome, open DevTools > Network, turn on Preserve log, and reload with Disable cache checked. If the redirect disappears only with the browser cache disabled (or in a clean private window), it was likely stored locally. If you still see the same 301/302 in a command-line header check such as `curl -I https://example.com/old-url`, it isn't just that browser cache. For a Cloudflare site, inspect `CF-Cache-Status` and `Age`: `HIT` plus an `Age` value means Cloudflare served a cached response. `MISS`, `DYNAMIC`, or `BYPASS` point elsewhere, and a redirect rule at Cloudflare can happen before its cache. If the redirect survives those checks without cache headers, it’s usually an origin-server redirect or rewrite rule. Check the actual `Location`, `Cache-Control`, `Age`, and CDN headers before changing anything.